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基于IP的虚拟主机 ​

基于IP的虚拟主机通过不同的IP地址访问不同的网站，适用于服务器有多个IP地址的场景。

基本配置 ​

配置示例 ​

nginx
# IP 192.168.1.100
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name example.com;

    root /var/www/site1;
    index index.html index.htm;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

# IP 192.168.1.101
server {
    listen 192.168.1.101:80;
    server_name test.com;

    root /var/www/site2;
    index index.html index.htm;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

绑定多个IP地址 ​

查看服务器IP地址 ​

bash
# Linux
ip addr show

# 或
ifconfig

# Windows
ipconfig

添加IP地址 ​

Linux临时添加

bash
# 添加临时IP地址
ip addr add 192.168.1.101/24 dev eth0

# 查看IP地址
ip addr show

Linux永久添加

bash
# 编辑网络配置文件
sudo vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml

# 添加IP地址
network:
  version: 2
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      addresses:
        - 192.168.1.100/24
        - 192.168.1.101/24

# 应用配置
sudo netplan apply

CentOS/RHEL

bash
# 编辑网络配置文件
sudo vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

# 添加IP地址
IPADDR0=192.168.1.100
PREFIX0=24
IPADDR1=192.168.1.101
PREFIX1=24

# 重启网络服务
sudo systemctl restart network

完整配置示例 ​

多IP配置 ​

nginx
# IP 192.168.1.100
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;

    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;

    access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
}

# IP 192.168.1.101
server {
    listen 192.168.1.101:80;
    server_name test.com www.test.com;

    root /var/www/test.com;
    index index.html index.htm;

    access_log /var/log/nginx/test.com.access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/test.com.error.log;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

# IP 192.168.1.102
server {
    listen 192.168.1.102:80;
    server_name demo.com www.demo.com;

    root /var/www/demo.com;
    index index.html index.htm;

    access_log /var/log/nginx/demo.com.access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/demo.com.error.log;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

IP与域名结合 ​

IP+域名配置 ​

nginx
# IP 192.168.1.100 - example.com
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;

    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

# IP 192.168.1.100 - test.com
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name test.com www.test.com;

    root /var/www/test.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

# IP 192.168.1.101 - demo.com
server {
    listen 192.168.1.101:80;
    server_name demo.com www.demo.com;

    root /var/www/demo.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

监听所有IP ​

监听所有IP的80端口 ​

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;

    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

监听特定IP的80端口 ​

nginx
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name example.com;

    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

SSL配置 ​

HTTPS配置 ​

nginx
# HTTP
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name example.com;

    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

# HTTPS
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:443 ssl;
    server_name example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.key;

    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

多IP多SSL ​

nginx
# IP 192.168.1.100 - HTTPS
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:443 ssl;
    server_name example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.key;

    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

# IP 192.168.1.101 - HTTPS
server {
    listen 192.168.1.101:443 ssl;
    server_name test.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/test.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/test.com.key;

    root /var/www/test.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

防火墙配置 ​

配置防火墙规则 ​

Ubuntu (UFW)

bash
# 允许IP 192.168.1.100访问80端口
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.100 to any port 80

# 允许IP 192.168.1.101访问80端口
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.101 to any port 80

# 开放80端口给所有IP
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp

CentOS (firewalld)

bash
# 开放80端口
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=80/tcp

# 重载防火墙
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

常见应用场景 ​

多网卡服务器 ​

nginx
# 网卡1 - 内网IP
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name internal.example.com;

    root /var/www/internal;
    index index.html index.htm;

    # 仅允许内网访问
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    deny all;
}

# 网卡2 - 外网IP
server {
    listen 203.0.113.100:80;
    server_name external.example.com;

    root /var/www/external;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

负载均衡 ​

nginx
# 前端服务器
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name frontend.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
    }
}

# 后端服务器1
server {
    listen 192.168.1.101:80;
    server_name backend1.example.com;

    root /var/www/backend1;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

# 后端服务器2
server {
    listen 192.168.1.102:80;
    server_name backend2.example.com;

    root /var/www/backend2;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

配置文件组织 ​

独立配置文件 ​

/etc/nginx/
├── nginx.conf
└── conf.d/
    ├── ip-100.conf
    ├── ip-101.conf
    └── ip-102.conf

ip-100.conf

nginx
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name example.com;

    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

ip-101.conf

nginx
server {
    listen 192.168.1.101:80;
    server_name test.com;

    root /var/www/test.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

ip-102.conf

nginx
server {
    listen 192.168.1.102:80;
    server_name demo.com;

    root /var/www/demo.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
}

测试配置 ​

测试配置文件 ​

bash
nginx -t

重载配置 ​

bash
nginx -s reload

测试IP访问 ​

bash
# 测试IP 192.168.1.100
curl http://192.168.1.100

# 测试IP 192.168.1.101
curl http://192.168.1.101

# 测试IP 192.168.1.102
curl http://192.168.1.102

测试域名访问 ​

bash
# 测试域名
curl -H "Host: example.com" http://192.168.1.100
curl -H "Host: test.com" http://192.168.1.101

常见问题 ​

IP无法访问 ​

检查项：

  1. IP地址是否正确绑定
  2. 防火墙是否开放端口
  3. Nginx配置是否正确
  4. 网络连接是否正常

IP地址冲突 ​

查看IP地址冲突：

bash
arping -D -I eth0 192.168.1.101

解决方法：

  1. 更改IP地址
  2. 找到冲突设备并解决

总结 ​

基于IP的虚拟主机配置要点：

  • 绑定IP地址：确保服务器有多个IP地址
  • listen指令：指定监听的IP地址和端口
  • 防火墙配置：开放相应端口
  • 访问方式：通过IP地址或域名访问
  • 应用场景：适合多网卡服务器、负载均衡等

基于IP的虚拟主机配置相对复杂，适用于有特殊需求的场景。

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