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静态资源缓存 ​

合理配置静态资源缓存可以显著提高网站性能，减少服务器负载。

浏览器缓存 ​

expires指令 ​

nginx
location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|webp|svg|ico)$ {
    expires 30d;
    add_header Cache-Control "public";
}

Cache-Control头 ​

nginx
location ~* \.(css|js)$ {
    expires 30d;
    add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
}

完整配置 ​

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name static.example.com;

    root /var/www/static;

    # HTML文件（短期缓存）
    location ~* \.html$ {
        expires 1h;
        add_header Cache-Control "public";
    }

    # 图片文件（中期缓存）
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|webp|svg|ico)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public";
    }

    # CSS和JS文件（中期缓存）
    location ~* \.(css|js)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }

    # 字体文件（长期缓存）
    location ~* \.(woff|woff2|ttf|otf|eot)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
}

Nginx缓存 ​

proxy_cache_path指令 ​

nginx
proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=1g inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;

proxy_cache指令 ​

nginx
location / {
    proxy_cache my_cache;
    proxy_pass http://backend;
}

proxy_cache_valid指令 ​

nginx
location / {
    proxy_cache my_cache;
    proxy_cache_valid 200 60m;
    proxy_cache_valid 404 1m;
    proxy_pass http://backend;
}

完整缓存配置 ​

静态文件缓存 ​

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name static.example.com;

    root /var/www/static;

    # 性能优化
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;

    # 文件缓存
    open_file_cache max=10000 inactive=30s;
    open_file_cache_valid 60s;
    open_file_cache_min_uses 2;
    open_file_cache_errors on;

    # HTML文件
    location ~* \.html$ {
        expires 1h;
        add_header Cache-Control "public";
    }

    # 图片文件
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|webp|svg|ico)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public";
        access_log off;
    }

    # CSS和JS文件
    location ~* \.(css|js)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
        access_log off;
    }

    # 字体文件
    location ~* \.(woff|woff2|ttf|otf|eot)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
        access_log off;
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*";
    }
}

代理缓存 ​

nginx
proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx levels=1:2 keys_zone=proxy_cache:10m max_size=1g inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;

upstream backend {
    server 192.168.1.10:8080;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name proxy.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_cache proxy_cache;
        proxy_cache_valid 200 60m;
        proxy_cache_valid 404 1m;
        proxy_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
        proxy_pass http://backend;

        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;

        add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
    }
}

缓存策略 ​

短期缓存 ​

nginx
location ~* \.html$ {
    expires 1h;
    add_header Cache-Control "public";
}

中期缓存 ​

nginx
location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|css|js)$ {
    expires 30d;
    add_header Cache-Control "public";
}

长期缓存 ​

nginx
location ~* \.(woff|woff2|ttf|otf|eot)$ {
    expires 1y;
    add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
}

禁用缓存 ​

nginx
location ~* \.html$ {
    expires off;
    add_header Cache-Control "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate";
}

缓存清理 ​

手动清理 ​

bash
# 删除缓存目录
rm -rf /var/cache/nginx/*

# 删除特定缓存
find /var/cache/nginx -name "*.cache" -delete

缓存清除模块 ​

nginx
location /cache/ {
    proxy_cache_bypass $http_cache_control;
    proxy_no_cache $http_cache_control;
}

缓存监控 ​

查看缓存状态 ​

nginx
location /cache_status {
    stub_status on;
    access_log off;
}

查看缓存命中率 ​

nginx
log_format cache '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                  '"$http_user_agent" "$upstream_cache_status"';

access_log /var/log/nginx/cache.log cache;

完整示例 ​

生产环境配置 ​

nginx
proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx levels=1:2 keys_zone=proxy_cache:10m max_size=1g inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;

upstream backend {
    server 192.168.1.10:8080;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name www.example.com;

    root /var/www/html;

    # 文件缓存
    open_file_cache max=10000 inactive=30s;
    open_file_cache_valid 60s;
    open_file_cache_min_uses 2;
    open_file_cache_errors on;

    # 静态资源
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|webp|svg|ico)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public";
        access_log off;
    }

    location ~* \.(css|js)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
        access_log off;
    }

    location ~* \.(woff|woff2|ttf|otf|eot)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
        access_log off;
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*";
    }

    # 代理缓存
    location /api/ {
        proxy_cache proxy_cache;
        proxy_cache_valid 200 60m;
        proxy_cache_valid 404 1m;
        proxy_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
        proxy_pass http://backend;

        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;

        add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
    }
}

常见问题 ​

缓存不生效 ​

原因： Cache-Control头设置错误

解决： 检查Cache-Control头

nginx
add_header Cache-Control "public";

缓存未更新 ​

原因： 缓存时间过长

解决： 缩短缓存时间或手动清理

nginx
expires 1h;

缓存命中率低 ​

原因： 缓存key设置不当

解决： 优化缓存key

nginx
proxy_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";

总结 ​

静态资源缓存的关键点：

  • 浏览器缓存：设置合理的过期时间
  • Nginx缓存：配置proxy_cache
  • 缓存策略：根据文件类型设置不同策略
  • 缓存清理：定期清理过期缓存
  • 缓存监控：监控缓存命中率

合理配置缓存，提高网站性能，减少服务器负载。

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