搭建反向代理

本节介绍如何使用Nginx搭建反向代理。

基本配置

简单反向代理

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name proxy.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

完整反向代理

upstream backend {
    server 192.168.1.10:8080;
    server 192.168.1.11:8080;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name proxy.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;

        proxy_connect_timeout 60;
        proxy_send_timeout 60;
        proxy_read_timeout 60;

        proxy_buffering on;
        proxy_buffer_size 4k;
        proxy_buffers 8 4k;
        proxy_busy_buffers_size 8k;
    }
}

负载均衡

轮询

upstream backend {
    server 192.168.1.10:8080;
    server 192.168.1.11:8080;
    server 192.168.1.12:8080;
}

最少连接

upstream backend {
    least_conn;
    server 192.168.1.10:8080;
    server 192.168.1.11:8080;
    server 192.168.1.12:8080;
}

IP Hash

upstream backend {
    ip_hash;
    server 192.168.1.10:8080;
    server 192.168.1.11:8080;
    server 192.168.1.12:8080;
}

缓存配置

启用缓存

proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx levels=1:2 keys_zone=proxy_cache:10m max_size=1g inactive=60m;

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name proxy.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_cache proxy_cache;
        proxy_cache_valid 200 60m;
        proxy_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
        proxy_pass http://backend;

        add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
    }
}

SSL配置

HTTPS反向代理

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name proxy.example.com;
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name proxy.example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.key;

    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384';
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    }
}

完整示例

生产环境配置

upstream backend {
    least_conn;
    server 192.168.1.10:8080;
    server 192.168.1.11:8080;
    server 192.168.1.12:8080;
}

proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx levels=1:2 keys_zone=proxy_cache:10m max_size=1g inactive=60m;

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name proxy.example.com;
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name proxy.example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.key;

    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384';
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;

    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
    ssl_session_timeout 10m;

    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always;

    location / {
        proxy_cache proxy_cache;
        proxy_cache_valid 200 60m;
        proxy_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
        proxy_pass http://backend;

        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;

        proxy_connect_timeout 60;
        proxy_send_timeout 60;
        proxy_read_timeout 60;

        proxy_buffering on;
        proxy_buffer_size 4k;
        proxy_buffers 8 4k;
        proxy_busy_buffers_size 8k;

        add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
    }
}

总结

搭建反向代理的关键点：

• 基本配置：proxy_pass、proxy_set_header
• 负载均衡：轮询、最少连接、IP Hash
• 缓存配置：proxy_cache、proxy_cache_valid
• SSL配置：HTTPS反向代理

使用Nginx搭建反向代理，实现负载均衡和高可用。